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Semaglutide
Also known as: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus
A GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, representing one of the most extensively studied peptide therapeutics.
Quick Facts
- Molecular Weight
- 4113.58 Da
Overview
Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that mimics the effects of the natural incretin hormone GLP-1. It was developed by Novo Nordisk and has received regulatory approval in multiple countries for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic weight management.
As an FDA-approved pharmaceutical, semaglutide has undergone extensive clinical testing through multiple large-scale randomized controlled trials, giving it one of the strongest evidence bases of any peptide therapeutic.
Mechanism of Action
Semaglutide binds to and activates the GLP-1 receptor, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and reducing appetite through central nervous system mechanisms. It has 94% structural similarity to native GLP-1 but includes modifications for extended half-life.
Biological Pathways
Research Findings
Multiple large-scale RCTs (SUSTAIN, PIONEER, STEP programs) have demonstrated significant reductions in HbA1c in type 2 diabetes and substantial weight loss in obesity. The SELECT trial showed cardiovascular benefit in overweight/obese adults with cardiovascular disease. Ongoing research explores applications in NASH, Alzheimer disease, and addiction.
Risks & Safety Concerns
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Serious risks include pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, thyroid C-cell tumors (observed in rodents), and hypoglycemia when combined with other diabetes medications. Contraindicated in patients with personal/family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2.
Regulatory & Legal Status
Semaglutide is an FDA-approved prescription medication. It is available only by prescription under brand names Ozempic (diabetes), Wegovy (obesity), and Rybelsus (oral, diabetes). It is a regulated pharmaceutical product.
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